1261 http://sosains.greenvest.co.id
JURNAL
SOSAINS
JURNAL SOSIAL DAN SAINS
VOLUME 3 NOMOR 12 2023
P-ISSN 2774-7018, E-ISSN 2774-700X
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLE AND THE
PEER ROLE WITH ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY PREVENTION
BEHAVIOR
Roswita Rugaya Handayani Sebleku, Euvanggelia Dwilda, Lilik
Djuari, Azimatul Karimah
Airlangga University., Indonesia
Email: roswita.rugaya.handayani-2[email protected],
euvanggelia.d[email protected], lilik[email protected],
azimatul.karim[email protected]
Keywords:
adolescent,
adolescent
pregnancy,
parenting style,
prevention
behavior
ABSTRACT
Background: Adolescent pregnancy occurs in Approximately 12 million girls aged 15–
19 years and approximately 777,000 girls under 15 years of age give birth each year in
developing countries. The most of adolescent pregnancies occur every year, 50% of
whom are aged 15-19 years, namely at least 21 million pregnancies and it contributes to
maternal and child mortality rates. In Indonesia, it is estimated that around 1,220,900
women are married before the age of 18, placing Indonesia in the 10 countries with the
highest absolute number of child marriages in the world).
Purpose: To analyze the relationship between parenting styles and the role of peers
regarding sexuality with adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior in the Autaqnapoq
Health Centre Working Area.
Method: This type of research uses an observational research design with a cross-
sectional approach and instrument used is a questionnaire. The population in this study
were all adolescents in the Autaqnapoq Health Centre Working Area. The sample in this
study was 93. using purposive sampling techniques. The data was analyzed with
Spearman rho test analysis.
Results: the research showed that there is a relationship between parenting style with
adolescent pregnancy prevention behaviour (p<0.001, r = 0.343). and there is a
relationship also between the role of peers with adolescent pregnancy prevention
behavior (p<0.000 and r = 0.357).
Conclusion: The relationship between parenting styles and the role of peers with
Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior in the Autaqnapoq Lembata Health Centre
Working Area.
INTRODUCTION
Adolescent pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs in women aged 15-19 years, both
married and unmarried adolescent. Adolescent pregnancy poses a very high risk of
maternal and infant mortality (Meriyani, Kurniati, & Januraga, 2016). About 12 million
The Relationship Between Parenting Style And The Peer
Role With Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Behavior
2023
Roswita Rugaya Handayani Sebleku, Euvanggelia Dwilda, Lilik Djuari, Azimatul
Karimah 1262
girls aged 15–19 years and about 777,000 girls under 15 years give birth each year in
developing countries. The most of adolescent pregnancies occur every year, 50% of whom
are aged 15-19 years, namely at least 21 million pregnancies (Lutfiya et al., 2020). In 2018,
it is estimated that around 1,220,900 women in Indonesia were married before the age of
18, placing Indonesia in the 10 countries with the highest absolute rate of child marriage in
the world (BPS, 2020).
BKKBN, NTT Province 2020 noted that out of 1000 girls in NTT there were 27
adolescent who became pregnant out of wedlock and gave birth without a husband, namely
2.7%. According to the Central Statistics Agency, in 2019 it was 42.55% and in 2020
43.26% experienced Adolescent pregnancy, in 2021 it was 44.07% (BPS NTT, 2021). This
is also experienced by Lembata Regency where data obtained from the Lembata Regency
Health Service in 2019 was as many as 206 people, in 2020 as many as 152 people and in
2021 as many as 162 adolescent experienced Adolescent pregnancy. Even though it started
to decline in 2020 by 7.67%, it increased in 2021 by 14.97%.
Parents have a very important role in children's development. The values of religious
norms and social norms are introduced to children through interactions within the family.
Families have an important role in preventing Adolescent pregnancy (Pertiwi et al., 2022a).
The Parents role in providing reproductive health information and monitoring
opposite-sex relationships is not yet optimal, so cases of unwanted pregnancies still occur.
Parents, peers and community leaders have not been able to play a role in preventing
unwanted pregnancies (Nyangoya, 2022; Pertiwi, Triratnawati, Sulistyaningsih, &
Handayani, 2022).
Peers as an environment that is close to adolescent' lives play a significant role, one
of which is in terms of sexuality. If an adolescent has friends who are sexually active, the
greater the possibility that the adolescent will be sexually active considering that at that age
adolescent want to be accepted by their environment (Coast et al., 2019).
Adolescent pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of maternal and infant
complications (Popoola, 2021). Adolescent mothers are at risk of complications including
hypertensive pregnancy disorders, unsafe abortion, urinary tract infections, and premature
rupture of membranes. Others include a high risk of malnutrition, anaemia, sexually
transmitted diseases, and high rates of instrumental delivery and Caesarean section
(Azevedo, Diniz, Fonseca, Azevedo, & Evangelista, 2015).
From the results of a preliminary study conducted by researchers on 20 adolescents
at the Autanapoq Health Centre in January 2023, it was found that in preventing the risk of
pregnancy, the most of adolescent, 16 people (80%) of whom did not know the impact of
Adolescent pregnancy, apart from that, 4 people (20%) were adolescent. understand the
risks of early pregnancy. Around 45% of adolescent stated that their parents spent more
time outside the home, while another 55% indicated that their parents were closed to sexual
information. The majority of adolescent obtained information about sexuality from friends,
15 people (75%) and a small portion obtained it from teachers at school or health workers,
5 people (25%). Apart from that, in the Atanapoq Health Centre in 2022 there will be 14
adolescent who are pregnant out of wedlock. Based on the data obtained, researchers are
interested in researching the relationship between parenting styleand the role of peers with
pregnancy prevention behavior among adolescent at the Autanapoq Lembata Community
Health Centre, NTT.
METHODS
This type of research uses an observational research design with a cross-sectional
approach and data collection methods using questionnaires. The population in this study
were all adolescent in the Autaqnapoq Health Centre Working Area, totalling 1228 people.
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The sample in this study used the Slovin formula of 93 adolescent using a purposive
sampling technique based on the inclusion criteria, namely: Adolescent registered in the
basic data register for adolescent in the Health Centre Working Area Autanapoq, physically
and mentally healthy and willing to be a respondent. Univariate data analysis using
frequency and Bivariate analysis using Spearman rho test analysis. Data collection in this
research was carried out in April 2023 - August 2023
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 Respondent frequency distribution
Characteristics
Category
Precentage
(%)
Adolescent age
Early adolescent
46,2
Middle adolescent
34,4
Late adolescent
19,4
Gender
Man
43,0
Woman
57,0
Respondent’s education
No school
1,1
Secondary
28,0
Junior high school
49,5
Senior high scool
21,5
Father education
No school
1,1
Secondary
38,7
Junior high school
24,7
Senior high scool
24,7
Diploma/university
10,8
Mother education
No school
3,2
Secondary
50,5
Junior high school
14,0
Senior high scool
23,7
Diploma/university
8,6
Parents income
≤UMR
73,1
≥UMR
26,9
Customs that support early
marriage
No
38,7
Yes
61,3
Customs related to
Adolescent pregnancy
Traditional marriage with
belis tradition /dowry
29,0
Matchmaking tradition
18,3
Economic burden reduces
on the family
8,6
Fear of spinsterhood
6,5
did not answers/do not
know
37,6
Obtaining information related
to preventing adolescent
pregnancy
No
36,6
Yes
63,4
Source of information related
to preventing Adolescent
pregnancy
Health workers (youth
posyandu)
96,6
social media
3,4
The Relationship Between Parenting Style And The Peer
Role With Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Behavior
2023
Roswita Rugaya Handayani Sebleku, Euvanggelia Dwilda, Lilik Djuari, Azimatul
Karimah 1264
Characteristics
Category
Precentage
(%)
Decision-making
Father
34,4
Mother
4,3
Parent
50,5
Involve other
10,8
Relationship status
Not dating
89,2
dating
10,8
Based on table 1 characteristics of respondents in this study, it shows that almost
half of the respondents were in their early teens (10-13) 43 people (46.2%), most of them
were female, 53 people (57.0%), almost half of the respondents 46 people had junior high
school education (49.5%), almost half of the father's education was elementary school, 36
people (38.7%), half of the mother's education was 47 people (50.5%), and most of the
respondents' parents had an income. ≤ UMR has as many as 68 people (73.1%). Apart from
that, most of respondents supported the custom of early marriage as many as 57 people
(61.3%), and the most of respondents indicated that there were customs related to
Adolescent pregnancy as many as 57 people (61.3%), most of the respondents received
related information. prevention of Adolescent pregnancy as many as 59 people (63.4%),
the source of information related to Adolescent pregnancy was mostly obtained from health
workers at adolescent posyandu as many as 57 people (61.3%), half of the respondent
making decisions were parents as many as 47 people (50, 5%) and almost all respondents
were not dating, 83 people (89.2%).
The relationships between parenting style frequency distribution
Table 2 The relationships between parenting style frequency distribution
Variable
Frequency
Precentage %
Parenting style
Democratic
21
22,6
authoritarian
56
60,2
Permissive
16
17,2
Total
93
100
From the table above, the most of respondents' have authoritarian parenting styles
were, 56 people (60.2%) and 21 respondents' parenting styles democratic (22.6%) and 16
people permissive (17.2%).
The peer role frequency distribution
Table 3 The peer role frequency distribution
Variable
Frequency
Precentage %
Peer role about sexsualitas
Negative
28
30,1
Positive
65
69,9
Total
93
100
Table 3 shows that the role of peers shows that, the most peer role are positive, as
many as 65 people (69.9%) and almost half of the peer role are negative, as many as 28
people (30.1%).
Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior frequency distribution
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Table 4 Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior frequency distribution
Variable
Frequency
Precentage
%
Adolescent pregnancy prevention
behavior
Not enough
17
18,3
Enough
76
81,7
Good
0
0
Total
93
100
Based on table 4, it shows that almost all adolescents have sufficient prevention
behavior for Adolescent pregnancy, 76 people (81.7%), a small number of adolescents have
less Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior, 17 people (18.3%). 5.2 Relationship
between parenting styles and the role of peers with adolescent pregnancy prevention
behavior.
The relationship between parenting styles with Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior
Table 5 The relationship between parenting styles and Adolescent pregnancy
prevention behavior
Based on the results of statistical analysis using the Spearman Rho correlation test
and cross tabulation tables, the results were p<0.001 and the correlation coefficient was
0.343 (the correlation coefficient was positive). Which means there is a relationship
between parenting style and adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior with a positive
correlation coefficient and a strong relationship.
The relationship between the peer role with Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior
Table 6 The relationship between the role of peers and Adolescent pregnancy
prevention behavior
Variable
Category
Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior
Not enough
enough
Good
Total
f
%
f
f
f
%
f
%
peer role about sexuality
Negative
11
12
17
28
0
0
28
30
Positive
6
6
59
65
0
0
65
70
Total
17
18
76
82
0
0
93
93
p-value<0,001
Correlation coefficient = 0,357
Variable
Category
Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior
Not enough
Enough
Good
Total
f
%
f
%
f
%
f
%
Parenting style
Democratic
9
10
7
8
0
0
16
17
Authoritarian
6
6
50
54
0
0
56
60
Permissive
2
2
19
20
0
0
21
23
Total
17
18
76
82
0
0
93
100
p-value = 0,001
Correlation coefficient = 0,343
The Relationship Between Parenting Style And The Peer
Role With Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Behavior
2023
Roswita Rugaya Handayani Sebleku, Euvanggelia Dwilda, Lilik Djuari, Azimatul
Karimah 1266
Based on the results of statistical analysis using the Spearman Rho correlation test
and cross tabulation tables, the results were p=0.000 and the correlation coefficient was
0.357 (the correlation coefficient was positive). Which means there is a relationship
between the role of peers and adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior with a positive
correlation coefficient and a strong relationship.
Relationship between Parenting style with adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior
The research showed that there is a relationship between parental parenting style
with Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior in the Autaqnapoq Health Centre working
area. This research is in line with research conducted by (Pertiwi et al., 2022) regarding the
relationship between parenting style and the incidence of Adolescent pregnancy. The
results found that there was a relationship between parental parenting style and Adolescent
pregnancy prevention behavior. Other research that also supports this research is research
conducted by (Purnamasari, 2019) with the results of the research finding that there is a
close relationship between parenting style and the prevention of Adolescent pregnancy.
This is because during adolescence a person is experiencing a critical moment because he
is about to enter adulthood. Adolescents who are in a transitional period tend to search for
their identity, so they need understanding and help from people they love and are close to,
especially their parents or family. Parenting style are very necessary for adolescent
development, including preventing Adolescent pregnancy. Due to healthy family
functioning, good family parenting will influence the nature of adolescent development,
especially preventing Adolescent pregnancy (Melfira and Suryane, 2018).
There are several studies that contradict the results of research conducted in the work
area of the Autaqnapoq Health Centre. Research conducted by (Batubara, 2018) states that
there is no significant relationship between parenting styleand preventing Adolescent
pregnancy. Other research that is contradictory is research conducted by (Sapitri, Suwarni,
and Abrori, 2019) showing that there is no significant relationship between parenting style
and Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior.
A parental factor that influences the incidence of adolescent pregnancy found that
46.7% of articles stated that parental influence plays an important role in the occurrence of
adolescent pregnancy. Adolescents who do not communicate reproductive health problems
with their parents (Kidan et al. 2018) and (Budiharjo, Theresia, and Widyasih 2018), family
history of adolescent pregnancy (Setyaningsih and Sutiyarsih 2020), adolescentrs from
divorced parents (Ochen, Chi, and Lawoko 2019), (Mezmur 2021); (Habitu, Y. A, Yalew,
A., and Bisetegn, T. A. 2018), and parents with positive reactions to adolescent pregnancy
(Ahinkorah et al. 2019), have a higher chance of adolescent pregnancy occurring. Parents
are the first and main source of education for children. So, parents play an important role
in educating and directing children, because success in educating children is often
associated with the parents' ability to understand children as unique and interesting
individuals (Lubis, 2016).
Relationship between the Peer role and Adolescent pregnancy Prevention Behavior
There is a relationship between the rose of peers and Adolescent pregnancy
prevention behavior in the work area of the Autaqnapoq Health Centre. This is in line with
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research conducted by (Sapitri, Suwarni, & Abrori, 2019) and (Lubis, 2016) with research
results showing that there is a significant relationship between peers and Adolescent
pregnancy prevention behavior. Other research that also supports this research is research
conducted by Firdausa, Aprilea, & Muthmainnah, (2023) SMA PGRI 1 Sidoarjo with
research results showing that there is a relationship between the role of peers and
Adolescent pregnancy Prevention Behavior. This is because most respondents whose peers
do not support them are less likely to prevent premarital sexual behavior compared to peers
who support them. The role of peers is very closely related to Adolescent pregnancy
prevention behavior because the role of peers in adolescence is very large in adolescents'
daily lives. Adolescents spend more time outside the home with their peers as a group. So,
it is known that the influence of peers on attitudes, conversations, interests, and behavior
is greater than the influence of family (Ghaffar & Kusumaningrum, 2021).
However, there are several studies that contradict the research results found in the
work area of the Autaqnapoq Community Health Centre. According to (Herman and
Winarti, 2021), their research on the relationship between the role of peers and Adolescent
pregnancy prevention behavior shows that there is no relationship between the role of peers
and Adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior. Similar research results are also supported
by research conducted by Andriyani & A’la Al Muadudi, (2018) with research results found
showing that there is no relationship between the role of peers and Adolescent pregnancy
prevention behavior.
The passive role of peers in providing information about sexual health has a 2.6 times
chance of premarital sexual heavy behavior compared to the active role of peers in
providing information about sexual health. Adolescent behavior can be influenced by the
interactions of their peers. These influences include positive and negative influences. When
adolescents socialize with peers who provide benefits such as group learning, peers have a
positive influence, whereas peers have a negative influence, such as encouraging
adolescents to violate social norms (Andriyani & A’la Al Muadudi, 2018).
Peers who have negative influences could influence adolescents more easily than
those who have positive influences. The role of peers in influencing the occurrence of
adolescent pregnancy found that 26.7% of articles stated that peers could have an influence
on the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy. Adolescents who experience negative
influences from their peers, such as the influence of having sex and having friends who live
with their girlfriends, have a higher risk of pregnancy, compared to adolescents whose
peers provide positive influences (Ahinkorah et al., 2019; Gurjalwar et al., 2020;
Sukhumal, Sungworawongpana, & Laohasiriwong, 2020) This is supported by research
Ochen, Chi, & Lawoko,(2019) which states that intense peer pressure will increase the
possibility of adolescent pregnancy. Adolescents' sexual attitudes and behavior related to
reproductive health can be influenced by their peers. If adolescents have joined associations
that tend to have sexual attitudes and behavior related to poor reproductive health, then
indirectly adolescents will also have bad attitudes and behavior
CONCLUSION
Parenting style and the role of peers is related to Adolescent pregnancy prevention
behavior in the Health Centre Work Area. It is hoped that the health Centre will be able to
The Relationship Between Parenting Style And The Peer
Role With Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Behavior
2023
Roswita Rugaya Handayani Sebleku, Euvanggelia Dwilda, Lilik Djuari, Azimatul
Karimah 1268
increase the dissemination of information about the importance of preventing Adolescent
pregnancy through counselling, adolescent posyandu because through counselling and
posyandu carried out by health workers, adolescent will get accurate and correct
information about Adolescent pregnancy, including preventive measures and their impacts.
Parents should pay extra attention to adolescents. Remember that adolescence is a period
of searching for identity so that adolescents do not fall into bad things which can have a
bad influence on the formation of adolescent' personalities and behavior. Adolescents can
increase their enthusiasm for learning by increasing knowledge and understanding about
reproductive health and can increase self-awareness in efforts to prevent Adolescent
pregnancy.
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