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JURNAL
SOSAINS
JURNAL SOSIAL DAN SAINS
VOLUME 2 NOMOR 11 2022
P-ISSN 2774-7018, E-ISSN 2774-700X
MAPPING AND POSITIONING OF LEARNING MATERIALS IN
TOURISM STUDIES IN INDONESIA
Ida Ayu Suryasih, I Putu Anom, Ida Bagus Suryawan
Universitas Udayana Denpasar, Indonesia
Email : idaayusuryasih@unud.ac.id, putuanom@unud.ac.id,
idabagussuryawan@unud.ac.id
Keywords:
Tourism Science,
Learning, Tourism
Studies.
ABSTRACT
Background: The debate about tourism science has entered a new chapter with the
Declaration of Tourism Science on August 24, 2006 in Jakarta which states that based
on various studies, tourism has met the requirements as a science based on the
philosophy of science. Tourism has now developed into a subject of knowledge that
deserves to be discussed scientifically to produce scientific knowledge (science).
Purpose: the purpose of compiling study materials related to the existing science in the
Tourism Study Program and determining the positioning of the study program compared
to study programs related to existing tourism. This research is a follow-up to the
determination of the nomenclature of tourism study programs in 2017 and 2019.
Method: This research is located in a number of tourism destinations that have
experienced different developments at each stage. The research will be conducted in the
area of Bali Province as a tourist destination that has experienced a stage of
development
Results:. The development of teaching materials needs to be carried out systematically
based on interrelated steps to produce useful teaching materials. Tourism in Indonesia
has existed since the Dutch colonial era precisely since 1910-1920 with the issuance of
a decree of the Dutch Governor General named VTV (Vereneiging Touristen Verker)
the start of travel activities to the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia- present). The Field of
Tourism Work according to the standard classification of Indonesian business fields
(KLBI) in 2020 is included in the group of arts, entertainment and recreation. In general,
the Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 257 / M / KPT / 2017 concerning the Name of the Study
Program in Higher Education, study programs related to tourism are included in the
group of applied science clusters. The scope of the study refers to tourism development
efforts consisting of the development of tourism destinations, industrial development,
marketing development and tourism institutional development. Related to the
application of the scope of tourism studies, it is generally divided into 2 fields of
education, namely vocational education and academic education.
Conclusion : The scope of what study materials are used in learning tourism science in
existing conditions is more about tourism planning, tourist trips and management of
accommodation and restaurants. Tourism science consists of 3 main groups, namely
policies, territories and tourism businesses. The scope is more about how tourists, local
communities and tourist activities are carried out.
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INTRODUCTION
Since almost two decades there has been a debate about the science of tourism. At
the beginning of the development of tourism in Indonesia, it was believed that tourism was
related to vocational aspects. The discourse on tourism science in Indonesia was first raised
by Nyoman S Pendit through his writing in the Bali Post, March 23, 1983. In 1985, a
tourism scientific seminar was held at Udayana University, Bali, by presenting scientists
from various disciplines as an effort to change the mindset about tourism science.
However, tourism at that time was still only used as an object of study of established
science. The efforts of Udayana University, STP Bandung, and several other universities,
institutes, and colleges to open the S-1 tourism program have always been countered on the
main reason that tourism is not a discipline (Cooper, 2012).
The debate on tourism science has entered a new chapter with the Declaration of
Tourism Science on August 24, 2006 in Jakarta which states that based on various studies,
tourism has met the requirements as a science based on the philosophy of science, so that
in the Coordination Meeting of Tourism Education consisting of academics, associations,
and the government, agreed to state: first, Tourism is an independent branch of science;
second, the S1, S2, S3 Tourism Science programs in various higher education institutions
are eligible to be granted permission by the Ministry of National Education, both as a
Faculty in a University and an Institute as an independent institution (IGBR Utama &
Bagus, 2016).
The study of the phenomenon of tourism is a new thing that has begun to be widely
discussed among academics. The term tourism or tourist appeared around the beginning of
the 19th century, used to describe the femomena of the movement of people to vacation
(Nash & Smith, 1991). There are generally three main perspectives relating to tourism
studies (I. Gusti Bagus Rai Utama & SE, 2015). First, an intradisciplinary perspective,
where tourism is studied by several disciplines that are first independent separately.
Second, an interdisciplinary perspective where tourism is a study of several scientific
disciplines together. Third, the perspective of tourismology or tourism science as an
independent science where tourism is a separate independent science (Koshim, Sergeyeva,
Saparov, & Wendt, 2019).
The challenges of the development of tourism science are increasingly challenging
from year to year. Udayana University as the first and only higher education institution
until 2016 that has a Faculty of Tourism, has had a level of tourism scientific education
from diploma, undergraduate, to postgraduate study programs at the S2 and S3 levels. As
a level of Undergraduate Education S1, the Tourism Study Program has 2 times received a
high education accreditation rating with a grade of A. in 2022, it is targeted that the
accreditation ranking will increase to international accreditation. For this reason, as an
Educational Institution, the determination of the latest learning materials and still referring
to science must be prioritized. For this reason, efforts to study and formulate the positioning
and mapping of this learning material are important. The established learning materials will
become a basic provision of learning subject matter that will be given to students so that,
better and measurable management of the Institution can be carried out in the coming years.
The purpose of this activity is to determine the technical study materials that will be given
to students. The positioning and mapping process carried out will provide the position and
position of the tourism study program compared to other study programs in tourism science.
The benefits of compiling study materials related to the existing science in the Tourism
Study Program and determining the positioning of the study program compared to study
programs related to existing tourism.
RESEARCH METHODS
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This research is located in a number of tourism destinations that have experienced
different developments at each stage. The research will be conducted in the Bali Province
area as a tourist destination that has experienced a stage of development. Tourism
destinations of West Nusa Tenggara Province as a tourism destination that is undergoing
consolidation. Tourism Destinations in the South Sulawesi Province area which is in the
development stage. All regions of this province will be a source of data in the process of
distributing questionnaires and interview processes so that they will be known about the
formulation of basic competency needs needed for tourism (Hermawan, 2018).
The data obtained in this study through data collection techniques such as:
Observation, namely data collection by directly researching, observing or seeing ongoing
events Observation techniques in this study are carried out to get a clear picture of the
situation and condition of the object of study (IGBR Utama & Bagus, 2016). This
observation is supported by recording and documentation in the form of photos of tourist
activities. The in-depth interview referred to in this study is to conduct a direct question
and answer, where questions have been prepared in advance between the researcher and
the informant, both the base informant and the key informant who have been appointed,
the informant, namely the community and the manager of tourist attractions. Through in-
depth interviews, more information will be obtained to be able to answer the problems
discussed. Literature study is a data collection technique in the form of collecting data from
archives such as literature or books, such as research results, the number of tourist visits,
where the data is data that supports this research.
The informant determination technique in this study is the Porposive Sampling
technique, which is a way of determining informants that is carried out deliberately for
certain purposes and at the consideration of researchers (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016)
. Key Informants are people who have knowledge, a deep understanding of certain elements
/ sectors of people's lives that are the object of research. In this study, key informants were
tourist attraction managers, tourism-related agencies and tourism-related associations.
The development of teaching materials needs to be carried out systematically based
on interrelated steps to produce useful teaching materials. Penatar often ignores this
systematic teaching material development procedure because it assumes that, if it has been
made well in accordance with the material to be taught, then the teaching material can be
used effectively in the learning process. In fact, there are several steps that must be taken
before coming to the conclusion that the teaching materials have been well developed, and
the teaching materials used are indeed good. Five main steps in the procedure for
developing good teaching materials, as follows: analysis, design, development, evaluation
and revision.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. History of Tourism
Tourism in Indonesia has existed since the Dutch colonial era precisely since
1910-1920 with the issuance of a decree of the Dutch Governor General named VTV
(Vereneiging Touristen Verker) the start of travel activities to the Dutch East Indies
(Indonesia-present). at first VTV activities were formed to increase trade between
Europe and Asian countries including Indonesia, the Indian Sea at that time was used
as a route often used by foreigners to go, especially trade activities. but with the times
and the development of the times many Europeans who visited Indonesia not only
carried out trade transactions but also wanted to travel to several tourist attractions in
Indonesia. After independence, Indonesian tourism gradually showed an increase.
During the period from Repelita I to Repelita IV, tourists in Indonesia increased
drastically, even exceeding the target of 11,626,000 tourists from the original target of
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only 3,000,000 people. Pendit (Alvianna, Astuti, Hidayatullah, & Krisnanda, 2022),
explains that the term tourism was first introduced by two culturalists around 1960,
namely Moh. Yamin and Prijono. These two culturalists provided input to the
government at that time to change the term tour to match the typical language of the
archipelago (Sosiady, 2022). The term Tourism itself comes from Sanskrit, namely Pari-
Wis (man)-Ata or a combination of meanings Full, Complete, Circumferential-Home,
property, village, community - go, continuously, wander. Which when interpreted as a
whole, tourism is Going Completely, leaving the House (Kampung) to go around
continuously.
2. Tourism Classification
The Field of Tourism Work according to the standard classification of Indonesian
business fields (KLBI) in 2020 is included in the group of arts, entertainment and
recreation. This category includes activities broad enough to meet the arts/culture,
entertainment and recreational needs of the general public, including live performances,
the operation of historic venues, gambling, sports and leisure venues.
In particular, areas of work related to tourism include the work of tourism
services, tourist transport, tourist attractions and tourism accommodation (Saroji, 2018).
The field of work of tourism services consists of retail travel, currency exchanges, tour
operators, tourist boards. The field of transportation work consists of: Coach, aviation,
rail, waterways. The field of work related to attractions consists of Museums, theme
parks, zoos, heritage sites. The field of accommodation work consists of hotels, hostels,
holiday parks (Muthahharah & Adiwibowo, 2017).
The development of the world of tourism education has provided an overview
and grouping of fields of work related to tourism. In general, the field of work is divided
into vocational and managerial. In addition to the school education process, the
implementation of courses has good opportunities and prospects as a provision of skills
possessed by workers. The implementation of courses for postgraduates is more focused
on areas of management such as international tourism, hospitality, heritage and
sustainability, ecotourism, rural development, tourism marketing, tourism human
resources.
3. Field of Tourism Work
Tourism development as referred to in Article 7 of Law Number 10 of 2009
concerning Tourism includes: (1) the tourism industry, (2) tourism destinations, (3)
tourism marketing, and (4) tourism institutions. The four pillars need to be done
simultaneously, in balance, and not in a sequential order.
The nomenclature of the Tourism Study Program is determined by referring to
Appendix I to the Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher
Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number 257 / M / KPT / 2017 concerning the
Name of the Study Program in Higher Education. The grouping of this study program
is a reference in knowing the patterns and scientific groupings of tourism. Based on this
regulation, tourism science or studies are classified into the family of applied sciences
with the following classification :
a. Architecture, design, and planning (architecture, design, and planning), in the field
of regional planning, in the Tourism Planning Study Program at the S2 Education
Level
b. Tourism Study Program with S1, S2 and S3 Education Levels
c. Applied programs consisting of:
1) Tourism Planning and development Study Program (applied program) with
Applied S2 Education level
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2) Hospitality Management Study Program (applied program) with Applied S2
Education level
Based on this grouping, in general, study programs related to tourism are included
in the group of applied science clusters. With this condition, this classification becomes
a consideration for how the classification process and concentration of tourism science.
4. Field of Tourism Work
Tourism development as referred to in Article 7 of Law Number 10 of 2009
concerning Tourism includes: (1) the tourism industry, (2) tourism destinations, (3)
tourism marketing, and (4) tourism institutions. The four pillars need to be done
simultaneously, in balance, and not in a sequential order.
The nomenclature of the Tourism Study Program is determined by referring to
Appendix I to the Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher
Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number 257 / M / KPT / 2017 concerning the
Name of the Study Program in Higher Education. The grouping of this study program
is a reference in knowing the patterns and scientific groupings of tourism. Based on this
regulation, tourism science or studies are classified into the family of applied sciences
with the following classification (Mantu, 2019).
Architecture, design, and planning (architecture, design, and planning), in the
field of regional planning, in the Tourism Planning Study Program at the S2 Education
Level. Tourism Study Program with S1, S2 and S3 Education Levels Applied programs
consisting of Tourism Planning and development Study Program (applied program)
with Applied S2 Education level
Hospitality Management Study Program (applied program) with Applied S2
Education level (Ben, 2018). Based on this grouping, in general, study programs related
to tourism are included in the group of applied science clusters. With this condition, this
classification becomes a consideration for how the classification process and
concentration of tourism science.
Table 1 Tourism In Intradisciplinary Perspectives
NO
DISCIPLINES
SOURCE
01
Antropology of
Tourism
(Graburn,
1983)
02
Geography of
tourism
(Schott,
2016)
03
Sociology of
tourism
(Dann &
Cohen,
1991)
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04
Sosiologi
pariwisata
(Negara,
Dewi, &
Sagita,
2020)
05
Phychology of
Tourism
(Pearce &
Stringer,
1991)
Source: Extracted from various sources
In an intradisciplinary perspective, tourism is a study that can be studied in
several disciplines at once. Tourism can be approached, explained and researched in
various ways and focuses so as to produce different perspectives, methods and theories
according to the rules of each discipline. This is the initial phase of the development of
tourism science. However, some tourism experts such as Jovicic (1998) consider it as a
fregmentation (urbanization/separation) of tourism science that can hinder the growth
of tourism theory.
In perceptive interdisciplinary tourism is seen as a science so complex that it must
be explained by several disciplines together. Scientists who are less supportive if
tourism is developed as a discipline in itself and further develop tourism in an
interdisciplinary perspective in his writings include Dann, Nash, Pearce (1988), Jafari
(1990), Pearce (1993), Pearce and Butler (1993), Witt, Brooke and Buckley (1991).
According to Witt, Brooke and Buckley are unrealistic if they expect tourism to be
supported by a single theory, on the basis of the consideration that tourism is dynamic
research, They support the development of tourism as crossdisciplinary research
(Echner and Jamal, 1997:870).
In the perspective of tourismology, tourism must be studied a new science
different from before or as an area of specialization from an existing discipline (Echner
and Jamal, 1997: 869). Jovicic (1988) is one of the scientists who supports tourism as
an independent science or other different discipline. Jovicic offers tourismology as an
independent tourism discipline. To that end Jovicic put forward several arguments.
Some experts who agree with Jovicic are Comic (1989) and Rogozinski (1985). They
suggested that tourism studies be developed more totally and in depth by researchers
who have so far still separated tourism in various disciplines. According to Rogozinski
(1985) by conducting studies from various branches of science in an integrated manner,
theories, models and basic concepts of tourism can be built. If tourism is not studied as
a whole then it cannot produce a complete definition, scope, and structure.
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The science of tourism is designed to provide a theoretical understanding of
tourism. Tourism studies (as applied tourism studies) are designed to improve our ability
to manage destinations effectively and, in doing so, improve the well-being of the
population of tourism destinations.
5. Tourism Work Map
Tourism science in general describes the movement of tourists, interactions with
local residents and their implications for tourist destinations. Tourism science consists
of 3 main groups, namely policies that discuss services, organizing, planning,
development and supervision. Furthermore, the discussion of the region in tourism
which includes facilities, infrastructure, utilities, and transportation. The discussion
about tourism business includes marketing, financing, services and human resources.
Capturing stakeholder aspirations is carried out by means of interviews and focus
group discussions. In the implementation of the activity, 3 FGDs were carried out and
1 interview process was carried out to explore aspirations. This activity is carried out to
obtain information as input / aspirations from tourism stakeholders in the regions. In
technical implementation, FGD participants consist of employees of tourism-related
agencies, tourism business actors, communities and associations related to tourism in
the regions. There are 3 basic questions given to FGD participants and sources in the
interview process. The questions asked are related to the profile of graduates, the
standards of knowledge that must be possessed and the standards of skills that must be
possessed by a tourism graduate. This approach is carried out in a number of areas that
are analogous to being at a certain stage of tourism development. An overview of the
results of interviews and FGDs related to aspirations can be seen in the following table.
Table 2. Stakeholder Aspirations
Stages of
development
Graduate
Profile
Knowledge
Skills
Development
(Bongkasa - Bali)
1. Tourism
consultant,
2. DTW
Manager,
3. Tourism
business
services,
4. Content
Creator
1. The development of
tourism and tourist
products
2. Other aspects of
tourism (economic,
legal, environmental,
social and internet)
3. World tourism Code of
Conduct
4. International language
plus custom
5. History of places and
objects
6. Story telling and story
nomic
1. Planning and
management of
tourism (tourist
attractions, tourism
businesses),
2. analyze tourism
development
opportunities,
3. tourism promotion,
4. tourist services,
5. Create a new tourism
product
6. Formulating tourism
feasibility
Consolidation
(West Lombok -
West Nusa
Tenggara)
1. Academics /
educators,
2. tourism
services
1. Language and customs
2. Tourism code of
conduct
3. Standards of tourist
services
4. Supporting aspects of
tourism
1. Travel product
services
2. Create a new tourism
product
3. Identification,
analysis, planning and
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evaluation of tourist
services
Development (East
Luwu - South
Sulawesi)
1. DTW
Manager,
2. tourism
business
services
1. Social Media
2. The development of
tourism
3. Standards of tourist
services
4. Promotion mechanism
1. Managing tourism
potential
2. Travel promotion
3. Travel product
services
4. Business management
pariwisata
Discovery
(Nunukan - North
Kalimantan)
1. DTW
Manager,
2. tourism
business
services
1. Language
2. Customs and culture
3. Tourist products
4. Sapta charm and
conscious tourism
5. Service ethics
1. Managing tourism
potential
2. Travel promotion
3. Travel product
services
Source : Research results 2022
The scope of tourism studies refers to the established tourism development
policy. This mechanism refers to the view of a number of experts that the scoping
of tourism studies should be more adapted to existing policies and regulations in
an area. The scope of the study refers to tourism development efforts consisting
of the development of tourism destinations, industrial development, marketing
development and tourism institutional development.
6. Tourism Scientific Map
Tourism science in general describes the movement of tourists,
interactions with local residents and their implications for tourist destinations.
Tourism science consists of 3 main groups, namely policies that discuss services,
organizing, planning, development and supervision. Furthermore, the discussion
of the region in tourism which includes facilities, infrastructure, utilities, and
transportation. The discussion about tourism business includes marketing,
financing, services and human resources. The scope is more about how tourists,
local communities and tourist activities are carried out. An overview of the
tourism scientific map can be seen in the following figure.
Figure 1. tourism scientific
Source : Research Results, 2022
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CONCLUSION
The scope of what study materials are used in learning tourism science in
existing conditions is more about tourism planning, tourist trips and management
of accommodation and restaurants. Tourism science consists of 3 main groups,
namely policies, territories and tourism businesses. The scope is more about how
tourists, local communities and tourist activities are carried out. The excellence of
the study program developed is more about the characteristics and cultural potential
of Bali as a tourist attraction so that the development of cultural tourism and
integrated tourism destination management are emphasized more.
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