Efisiensi Agronomis dan Ekonomis Pemupukan NPK pada Tanaman Kopi: Systematic Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsosains.v6i9.32795Keywords:
Efisiensi Agronomis, Efisiensi Ekonomis, Kopi, NPK, Nutrient Use EfficiencyAbstract
Produktivitas dan kualitas biji kopi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pemupukan nitrogen, fosfor, dan kalium yang seimbang. Namun, pemberian pupuk secara berlebihan dapat meningkatkan biaya produksi dan kehilangan hara tanpa menghasilkan peningkatan produktivitas yang sebanding. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis bukti mengenai efisiensi agronomis dan ekonomis pemupukan NPK pada kopi Arabika dan Robusta serta mengidentifikasi strategi pemupukan yang sesuai. Penelitian menggunakan metode systematic literature review terhadap 25 artikel jurnal yang diterbitkan pada periode 2017–2026 dan diperoleh melalui Google Scholar serta pangkalan data penerbit ilmiah. Seleksi literatur mengikuti prinsip PRISMA 2020, sedangkan data dianalisis secara deskriptif-komparatif dan tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi pemupukan ditentukan oleh interaksi dosis, sumber hara, waktu dan metode aplikasi, status hara tanah, ketersediaan air, radiasi, genotipe, umur tanaman, dan kondisi agroekosistem. Peningkatan dosis pupuk tidak selalu meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan hara maupun keuntungan ekonomi. Fertigasi dan pemupukan terbagi meningkatkan sinkronisasi hara dan berpotensi mengurangi kebutuhan pupuk, sedangkan pupuk terstabilisasi dan inhibitor menekan kehilangan nitrogen. Integrasi pupuk organik–anorganik juga memperbaiki kondisi tanah, ketersediaan hara, produktivitas, dan beberapa atribut kualitas biji. Dengan demikian, pemupukan kopi perlu menerapkan strategi spesifik lokasi berdasarkan analisis tanah, status hara tanaman, target hasil, serta penilaian agronomis dan ekonomis secara terpadu.
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